Having established the essence of BEING in terms of Metaphysical-BEING and Phenomenal-BEING that solves the problems of absolute hetereology and the impossibility of understanding PARAMUKTI without self contradictions and hence a sort of nihilism, problems arise now with respect to essences of the Being that pertains to the psychic entities that have also been shown as ANATHI, uncreated , non-originary and just as eternal as BEING itself. The anma as cat-acat, a sonadic-monad, with the inherently unstable DUALITY  of structure or essences and because of which EXISTENCE splits into fundamentally TWO different kinds  becomes now the focus. The immersing and enmeshing in the earthly and because of which   the anmas are monadic-           entities with pacuviyalbu, and disengaging from all such entanglements  through a process of  burning out the chains of  CARE  (Ta. paRRu) for the worldly and thereby becoming sonadic or entities with sivaviyalbu, becomes now matters for a deep kind of metaphysical inquiry.

«È¢× «È¢Â¡¨Á ­ÃñÎõ «Ê§Âý
¦ºÈ¢¾Ä¡ø ¦Áö¸ñ¼ §¾§Å-- «È¢§Å¡
«È¢§Â§É ¡¦¾ýÚ ÜÚ§¸ý ¬öóÐ
ÌÈ¢Á¡Ú ¦¸¡ûÇ¡Áü ÜÚ
 

 aRivu aRiyaamai iraNtum atiyEn
 cheRithalaan meykaNta thEvE ; aRivO
 aRiyEnO yaathenRu kURukEn aayn-thu
 kuRi maaRu koLLaamaR kURu

 Because I assume both the states of illumination and the Darkness of Ignorance (simultaneously?), or Thou who hast seen TRUTH, I am perplexed not knowing which of these I am really. Thou should illuminate me as to my essence with metaphysical explanations that do not deviate from the issue.

 [The real interrogation begins now with recalling what Meykandar has explained probably orally to Arunandi and other students in relation to the behavioral dispositions of the human beings,  which, we should note here, are essentially psychological. By psychology we mean here an analytic understanding of human behavior.]

ÜȢ ãýÚ ÁÄò¾¢ý ̽ìÌÈ¢
§ÅÚ ¸¢Ç츢ý Å¢¸üÀí ¸üÀí
̧á¾õ §Á¡¸í ¦¸¡¨Ä «»÷ Á¾ ¿¨¸
Ţáö ±ñ̽Ûõ ¬½Åõ ±É Å¢ÇõÀ¢¨É

 kURiya mUnRu malaththin kuNakkuRi
 vERu kiLakkin vikaRpang kaRpang
 kurOtham mOkang kolai anyar matha n-akai
 viraay eNkuNanum aaNavam ena viLampinai

 In explaining how ANavam as a Deep Structure element determines the forms of observable human behavior, Thou hast mentioned the following forms as the evidences: the tendency to   differentiate self from others and becoming egoistic thereby, fantasizing and imagining  uncontrollably and irrationally, continuos disposition of excessive anger and hatred, irrational  and blind infatuations, murderous inclinations, the tendency to oppress and repress and through  that exult in creating misery and unhappiness, excessive and groundless self-conceit and finally  losing the rational capabilities and becoming insane and abnormal.

«ï»¡Éõ ¦À¡ö «Â÷§Å §Á¡¸õ
¨Àº¡Ä ÝÉ¢Âõ Á¡îºÃ¢Âõ ÀÂõ
¬§Åú ̽Ûõ Á¡¨ÂìÌ «ÕÇ¢¨É

  anjnyaanam poy ayarvE mOkam
 paichaala chUniyam maachchariyam payam
 aavEz kuNanum maayaikku aruLinai
 

 The following seven traits or behavioral dispositions that are irrational are  attributed to maayai, the delusion-producer: the absence of illumination or ignorance; taking  the false as true and having no doubts about it; irrational passions and unthinking desires; believe in the magical and miraculous; unquestioning credulity or blind faith; and unnecessary  and excessive fear and anxiety.

 ­Õò¾Öí ¸¢¼ò¾Öõ ­ÕÅ¢¨É ­ÂüÈÖõ
Å¢Îò¾Öõ Àÿ¢ó¨¾ §ÁÅø ±ý¦ÈÎò¾
«ÚŨ¸ì ̽Ûí ¸ÕÁòÐ «ÕÇ¢¨É

 iruththalung kitaththalum iruvinai iyaRRalum
 vituththalum paran-in-thai mEval enRetuththa
 aRuvakaik kuNanung karumaththu aruLinai
 

 To kanmam Thou hast attributed the following dispositions: nonassertive indolence; total disinterestedness and indifference; always bothered with the moral issues in effecting  actions; abstaining from doing what one ought to do and enjoying belittling and ridiculing  others.

¬í¸¨Å ¾¡Ûõ ¿£í¸¡Ð ¿¢ýÚ
¾ÉùÆ¢î ¦ºÖò¾¢ ¾¡§Éò ¾¡Éö
±ýÅÆ¢ ±ýÀ¦¾¡ýÚ ­ýÈ¡õ ÁýÉ

 aangkavai thaanum n-Ingkaathu n-inRu
 thanvazich cheluththi thaanEth thaanaay
 envazi enpathonRu inRaam manna
 

 It is also said these primordial elements being anati - unoriginated and intrinsic to the anmas- inhere with the anmas without ever departing, forever seducing the anmas to their  evil ways without ever diminishing in their nasty hold. If that is  the case, it appears most  certainly now, that there is NOTHING that can be said to be mine , my way of Being-in-the-World,  a way of living that's peculiarly mine. From the most ancient times itself I have been totally overpowered by these forces of evil, making me  do things that are unbecoming and evil, they  themselves remaining unaffected by all the earthly  struggles of mine.
 

[Having stated thus  the thesis of Meykandar which is  psychology of a kind perhaps psychology as belonging to Hermeneutic Science, Arunandi begins now his devasting disconstruction so that the hidden elements in this psychology emerge in a better relief.]

 °Õõ §ÀÕõ ¯Õ×í ¦¸¡ñ¦¼ý
°Õõ §ÀÕõ ¯Õ×í ¦¸Îò¾
¦Àñ¨½  Ýúó¾ ¦Åñ¨½Âõ À¾¢Â¢ü
¨ºÅ º¢¸¡Á½¢ ¦ÁöÂ÷ ¦ÁöÂ
 

Urum pErum uruvung koNten
 Urum pErum uruvung ketuththa
 peNNai chUzn-tha veNNaiyam pathiyiR
 chaiva chikaamaNi meyyar meyya
 

 Oh! Thou! The Truest among the True!  The crest jewel of the Saivite world and  residing in VeNNai NallUr, girdled by river PeNNai! Thou hast assumed a Name, a Dwelling,  and a Phenomenal Form in order to disconstruct my Name, Dwelling and Phenomenal Form, (I have some questions in the light of what you have said about the psychology of human beings)

ÓõÁÄï º¼¦ÁÉ ¦Á¡Æ¢ó¾¨É ÂõÁ
Á¡Ú§¸¡û ÜÈø §À¡Öó §¾Úõ
º¼õ ¦ºÂľ¨Éî º¡÷ó¾¢Î ¦ÁÉ¢§É
¸¼õ À¼õ «¾Ûð ¸ñÊÄ;

 mummalanj chatamena mozin-thanai yamma
 maaRukOL kURal pOlun- thERum
 chatam cheyalathanaich chaarn-thitu meninE
 katam patam athanut kaNtila;
 

 In view of your earlier assertion that these three malas, or the deauthenticating  powers, are insentient, what now being stated appear to be self-contradictory or deviant  and  with which I am puzzled. They are said to be INSENTIENT  but at the same time ACTIONS are attributed to  them as if they are sentient beings. And when I search for evidences for the TRUTH of such  claims , I do not see any for actions being effected by the insentient entities such as the pots and  cloths;

   ; Å¢¼õÀÎõ
°ý¾¢Ãû §À¡ýÈ ¾¡Â¢ø §¾¡ýÈ¢
«¨½ó¾¡íÌ «¸Èø §ÅñÎõ;
 

   ;vitampatum
 UnthiraL pOnRa thaayil thOnRi
 aNain-thaangku akaRal vENtum;

 (As a way of overcoming this predicament) if it is said that they function rather like poison which though insentient but nevertheless efficacious for it  enters the flesh and arrestî the life processes so that death is brought about, then the poison-like mummalam should also be like it, i.e. SEPARABLE and EXPELLABLE  somehow just like it's entry; it should be EXTRANEOUS and hence something extrinsic to the essence of the anmas;

    ;̽í¸Ùõ
Àý¨Á ­ýÈ¡Ìõ

    ;kuNangkaLum
 panmai yinRaakum;

 And furthermore, (if the effectivity of Mummalam is analogous to that of poison) then  the gunas- the different behavioural dispositions- that are said to be good or bad, cannot be  differentiated so. The effect must be uniform and nondifferetiable into the ethical and  unethical; there cannot be meaningful heterogeneity in the behavior of the anmas;

   ; ¿õ¨Á Å󾨽Âò
¾¡§É Á¡ð¼¡Ð; ¡§É¡ ¦ºö¸¢Äý
¿£§Â¡ ¦ºö¡ö ¿¢ÉÁÄɡ¢ðÎ
 

  ;emmai van-thaNaiyath
 thaanE maattaathu; yaanO cheykilan
 n-IyO cheyyaay n-inmalanaayittu
 

  These mummalas, because insentient are incapable of embracing me on their own  efforts; I too, will not embrace them on my own accord. And Thou as the Absolutely Pure will not empower them to embrace me, as it will be contradictory to Thy essence.

­ÂøÒ ±É¢ü §À¡¸¡Ð ±ýÚõ ÁÂø¦¸¼
 

 iyalpu eniR pOkaathu enRum mayalketa

 Now in order to overcome all these problems, if it is said they are intrinsic to me, they constitute what I am , my essence then that would mean that I must remain forever condemned,  eternally damned to be with these evil things; there is no way in which I can be free of them  and enjoy purity of some kind.

Àó¾õ Åó¾Å¡Ú ­íÌ
«ó¾Á¡¾¢ ­øÄ¡ö «Õ§Ç

 pan-tham van-thavaaRu ingku
 an-thamaathi illaay aruLE

  Oh Thou who standeth beyond the phenomenological wherein occurs voidance and  disvoidance, illuminate me as to how it came about that I am infected with these malas that  generate DESIRES and thereby bondage to the earthly.
 
 

COMMENTARY : Part 1  : The Principles of Agamic Psychology

1. Having satisfied himself with the notions of M-BEING and P-BEING  and along with the notion of SEEING only because  of a pre-existent SHOWING  and how it overcomes the problems of PARAMUKTI and hence avoids slipping into nihilism of a sort, now begins another line of inquiry that is distinctly psychological. This may be related to the fact that  BEING assumes an enormous number of archetypal forms each SHOWING something and as a result of which there is SEEING and along with it the destruction of IGNORANCE that is ALREADY there.  It is this presence of IGNORANCE, which is ABSENCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS along with BEING  that breeds pure consciousness that becomes problematic. This ABCONSCIOUSNESS is already there, a certain BLINDNESS, an inability to SEE and thereby gain consciousness. After all it is this primordial situation that necessitates the different phenomenal presentations of BEING itself.

  The answer to this question is the well known thesis of the presence of Anavam, the ANTIBEING , equally primordial and unoriginated, or ANATI , just as BEING itself but always in combat with BEING, to speak metaphorically. The originary situation of the anmas is not existence in paradise but rather in the HELL of IGNORANCE , of  cuththa kevalaavaththai, existence in total BLINDNESS the cause of which is Anavam.

2.  The truth of Anava Malam has to be established, its symptoms and signs must be pointed out. The <"kuNang kuRi vERu kiLaththal, ̽í ÌÈ¢ §ÅÚ ¸¢Çò¾ø>    describes in a nutshell the methodological principles of Hermeneutic Science in which the overt behavior is taken as a TEXT the DEEP STRUCTURE of some elements in it, some kinds of behavior , is the Anava Malam. It is interesting here that the behaviors isolated are related directly or indirectly to that of DEATH.

<VikaRpam,Å¢¸üÀõ> is the tendency  to differentiate oneself from others and put oneself ABOVE others and through that depress them so that their EQUALITY of status and power is destroyed. It is killing of a kind in which through a process of marginalisation  a  person is deprived of his/her social Being,  made to suffer a casteic ostracization, made into an outcaste, an untouchable,  suffer an expulsion from communality, excommunication etc.

The word <kaRpam, ¸üÀõ> is not the converse of <vikaRpam> but rather the loss of control over the cognitive processes productive of ideas. It is a cancer of the cognitive faculty whereby a plethora of ideas are produced, purely imaginary,   fictitious , quite unrelated  to the contextual situation . Here is a death, the death of control over the generative processes underlying the production of ideas. One can also relate this to useless chatter, meaningless talk, uncontrolled verbosity, whiling   away  precious time with vain chatter all of which show the absence of DEPTH, the death of the mysterious, the CLOSURE of hidden world.

3. <krOtham, ̧á¾õ> is excessive anger that comes along with intense hatred and which lead to murder, manslaughter , social violence, rape , massacre, genocide and similar bestialities.  The <kolai, ¦¸¡¨Ä> , murder and <anjar, «»÷>  oppression are obviously related to this . A person with these dispositions lacks patience, forbearance, tolerance; bursts out in hatred and intense anger at anything that does not conform to his own  notions  or not in line with his own lines of thinking and feeling without seeking to understand the sources of the difference. The understanding is not   only narrow and extremely finite but also filled with an enormous number of prejudices. There is only narrow  SINGULARITY and hence intolerance towards DIFFERENCE . In the thinking of such individuals the OTHER is always an EVIL; purely because it is DIFFERENT  it is felt that it ought to be destroyed. Overall there is a readiness to EXTERMINATE anything that is different from what one is. The tendency to exterminate shows the DOMINANCE of Anavam, that which destroys and annihilates.

4. Now <mOkam, §Á¡¸õ> is the death of rationality, the ability to judge effectively and behave accordingly. <mOkam> is a kind of <mayakkam> , the loss of reasoning powers so that one is overcome with excessive desires particularly of the sexual kind so that one begins to crave for such pleasures.  Desires become untempered with reason , untrammeled by ethical principles. Addictions   to drugs and alcohol also belongs to this way of Being. One loses the reflective powers and gets seduced by the sexual and emotional so that one becomes somewhat blind to the consequences of one's actions. One loses the balance when overcome with <mOkam>  so that one cannot provide reasons for ones actions; in fact an indifference with respect to reasons for actions come to prevail . Since any judgement is made impossible, desires also become irrepressible leading to  incest  adultery and such other morally obnoxious behavior.

5. The terms <matham, Á¾õ> and <nakai, ¿¨¸> are related to each other and both are concerned with behaviors   that are  abnormal, insane and mad.  <matham>  is madness in which there is no self control and because of which there is running amok, effecting wanton destruction without knowing what one is doing.  <nakai> is becoming the laughing stock of the community because of lack of self regulation in social interactions and other behaviors normally requiring adaptation to environmental  and contextual factors. One is DEAD to the world outside oneself both the physical and social; there is a fissure of a kind so that the external are cut off from the internal;  the external is effaced so that it is not processed at all by the person.  In both there is DEATH OF SELF  AS TO THE OTHER and  because of which the actions are unrelated to the contextual conditions , lacking completely self regulation. The dominance of Anavam in such situations effects a severance of self from the external world so that the person   becomes a prisoner of the internal world and that too without any control over them. The self is made DEAD TOWARDS THE EXTERNAL WORLD in some ways though bodily alive.

6. The above are Anavam related behaviors. Next to that we have maayaa malam which is quite different from Maayai, the root  substance  of the physical and nonphysical entities. The Maaya Malam or more accurately malamaayai, is a factor in cognitive processes that brings about the formations of illusions, delusions, distortions, misperceptions ; is a factor that effaces the rational powers of the human mind.  These are differentiated into  <anjnjaanam,«ï»¡Éõ> < poy, ¦À¡ö><ayarvu, «Â÷×> <mOkam,§Á¡¸õ> <paicaasa cUniyam,¨Àº¡º ÝÉ¢Âõ> < maaccariyam, Á¡îºÃ¢Âõ> and <payam, ÀÂõ>

Here the most appropriate sense of <anjnjaanam>   which has several different meanings in the philosophical literature, is absence of illumination, or lacking in knowledge,  understanding ;  deficient in scholarship, education, learning  and such other matters related to the acquisition of knowledge and understanding so that one remains a simpleton, easily manipulated by others. <poy> is the inability to discriminate the truth from falsity, taking the false as true without raising doubts about it. One is prone to misperceive and misunderstand whatever encountered without also having any qualms about it. <Mokam> here as that which belongs to malamaayai is distinct from the above though related somewhat. Here it means   unthinking fascination, an infatuation that dulls the thinking. It is being captivated emotionally or aesthetically so that neutrality and objectivity in judgements are made impossible. The person becomes highly prejudiced and one sided    so that judgements lack fairness  and neutrality. The person on the whole is illogical, more moved into action by feelings rather than reason.

7. The terms <paicaasa cUniyam>  and <maaccariyam> are related to each other and pertain to the magical, superstitious and other forms of behavior that are unenlightened , primitive and irrational. There is an absence of the notion of science and the possibility of solving problems in a scientific manner is not entertained at all. Recourse is had towards the magical and superstitious with believe in the existence of ghosts, devils, lower archetypes  and such other benign and malignant powers. One seeks to exorcise the evil powers and bribe the   benign in order to attain the desired. There is primitivity and savagery in culture   with behavior  that is dark and unenlightened. The category <payam> that means fear and anxiety, should be interpreted as  that  which arises because of ignorance. Where there  is a lack of understanding, whatever out of the ordinary and appears strange, and there is plenty of it with individuals, is feared as the primitives fear the strange that they encounter for the first time. Whatever is alien is not trusted but feared and hence not welcomed.

8. The karma malam again must be understood as malakkarmam, something pertaining to the activities that shows  the presence of Darkness there as well. Such behavious are listed as <iruththal, ­Õò¾ø> <kidaththal, ¸¢¼ò¾ø> <iruvinal iyaRRal ­ÕÅ¢¨É ­ÂüÈø> <viduththa, Å¢Îò¾øl> and <paran-inthai mEval, ÀÃý¿¢ó¨¾ §ÁÅø>. These categories indicate actions that are immoral and mean as well as deactivation of the individuals so they become indolent. <iruththal> simply means being-there without any concern whatever for anything in a sipirit of total detachment and indifference. <kidaththal> means lying there incapable of any action not because of want of concern and care but because of incapacity to act at all.  The person is made to lie down , incapacitated to act. <iruvinai iyaRRal> are excessive concern with the ethical implications of actions, always worried whether a particular action is right or wrong, ethical or unethical and feeling guilty even when the actions effectuated are perfectly alright.<viduththal> is abandoning responsibilities or simply letting things slip by for lack of care and governance. One is made powerless to change the course of actions and thereby made a slave rather the master of the situation.  The <paran wintahi meeval> is penchant for insulting  others in a very emotional  and irrational manner.

9. With these recapitulations of the essential teachings of Meykandar, begins Arunandhi with  interrogations that are not deconstructive but rather disconstructive i.e. removing the reigning notion to let emerge the hidden, the veiled. The interrogations are meant to unveil  that which  remains as the deep structure, still lurking in the depths, unaccessed and articulated , brought into the light of linguistic description.

The first question pertains to the agency of these actions:  That Anava malam etc are so powerful in influencing the behavior so much so that the individuals are incapable  or powerless to behave otherwise. Who then is the AGENT: the psychic entities or these insentient elements?  This raises another question about the meaning of agency itself. The insentient, by virtue of being insentient- a fundamental categorical division of entities- cannot be attributed agencies for actions. In cotegorising them as insentient we also mean they cannot be agents of actions. But is there a sense of agency that is amenable to application to the insentient as well?  Isn't there a sense in which even the insentient beings like strong wind, flood waters, burning fires can be said to  act  , be an agent, without compromising on the categorical distinctions already established?

 One immediate objection to this possibility is given immediately: while the agency of cats and dogs and such other sentient beings are OBSERVABLE, i.e. can be SEEN as such, we  do not see so in the manner the nonsentient beings behave; storms and so forth do not in themselves cause destruction though they may serve as instruments like the hands and feet of a person for his actions.

10. It may be suggested that these mummalam act rather like the poison which by its biochemical action that is not visible on the surface but nevertheless very effective in bringing about death. The suggestion is of course the invisibility for normal seeing the effectivity of the poison which  is one way of overcoming the above objection. The mummalam may be effective in the way the poison is, affect the biophysical , neurophysiological, or the psychophysical and thereby bring about the behaviours noted above. The problem with this explanation is that physical causation is attributed to mummalam and if that were so then  they must be such that  they can  be ISOLATAED and removed or destroyed so that they cease to modify or influence behaviour. The science of personal development is not different from that of medical science in which the causes of diseases are identified and removed by pharmaceutical treatment, surgical operations and so forth. Of course such an explanation   are patently false for the  moral and such other developments of persons;  human beings  do not belong to the province of medical science but rather religion which is distinct for moral development.

However this of line explanation and its failure does reveal that the way the mummalam are related to behaviour is rather peculiar and that genuine psychology as such is irreducible and made  a part of the ordinary medical science that remains mainly physical in its approaches to cure the various diseases.

11. Now begins another line of inquiry. If the presence of mummalam is not isolatable , if they are present inalienably in the very Being of the psychic entities, then a question about the ORIGIN of their presence become a matter for inquiry. This presence of mummalam cannot be something that is extrinsic tothe  Being of the psychic entities, somehow they are ALREADY THERE in the Being of such entities. But then can it be that the anmas themselves sought them after and implanted them in their very Being? Certainly this possibility can be ruled out immediately for they are not sources of happiness but rather of miseries and death.  And furthermore their implantation cannot be attributed to BEING also because BEING is absolutely PURE and therefore such impure activations is beyond HIM. The BEING can only be the source of GOOD and not the Evil and immoral.
In this way Arunandi notes another impasse in the psychological explanation of behavior particularly the ever interesting evil behaviour . The presence of mummalam is a MYSTERY, something that are there but their ORIGIN beyond the grasp of understanding.

The solution to these impasses is contained in the observation: <aruL munbu n-illaathu atiyERku kaN inRu, iruL kandavaaRu , «Õû ÓýÒ ¿¢øÄ¡Ð «Ê§ÂüÌ ¸ñ ­ýÚ>  i.e. One is enveloped by the Darkness of Mumalam when one fails to stand within the horizon of the ARUL of BEING. There is a PLAY of light and darkness and when one stands outside the reach of the natural light, lumane naturale, then the SEEING becomes cloudied and because of which  behaviour becomes evil, immoral and what not. The mummalams are obscurants of the SEEING so that the seeing becomes distorted, unclear, confused, limited and so forth. The question of AGENCY does not arise and neither the psychic entities nor BEING are responsible for it. The darkness producing mumalam are ALREADY THERE and when the anmas fall within their reach the SEEEING becomes distorted and so forth and because of which behavior becomes unsavory. We shall attend to these issues at greater depth now.
 

COMMENTARY Part 2

 1.We have to reanalyze to gain a better understanding of the whole issue by pursuing our inquiry without abandoning the insight that was first articulated by Appar ,i.e. there is no  SEEING  if not SHOWN by BEING as such.  This notion of seeing because of a pre-existent showing makes the whole philosophy HERMENEUTICAL in essence and we shall endeavor to disclose this now.
For this purpose we have to explain some important concepts about seeing as such in the body of Saiva Siddhanta literature. The first is the notion of <n-Okkaathu n-Okkal> of Meykandar , a form of seeing that belongs to BEING as its essence, as how BEING is present in the world. We shall translate this as SEEING WITHOUT SEEING (Henceforth S-W-S) which is really a way of seeing without <cuddu> i.e. without referentiallity and hence without temporality, intentionality and such other finitising factors. As distinct from this is the normal seeing of the psychic entities  or the sentient beings- the ciththup poruL which sometimes becomes SEEING, a form of seeing that is cogito in the Descartesian sense, a form of seeing which breeds consciousness that bring along with it indubitability and hence apodictic certainty.
 

2.We should note that unlike in idealism and Husserlian type of phenomenology, consciousness is NOT primordial in S.Siddhanta. What is primordial is the act of seeing and that too because of a pre-existing horizon of showing by non  other than BEING itself. It is the seeing that generates consciousness of objects and hence the appearances along with the distinction between appearances and reality that we shall call the Surface Structure and Deep Structure.  Since anything in displaying something as visible also points to something else that remains concealed hence demanding interpretations is a TEXT, we can see that though what are seen are objects but they are appropriated in understanding as TEXTS. Phenomenology gives way to Hermeneutics. The being of whatever entity is textual, understanding appropriates whatever it sees as texts of so many different types. And in this when the ordinary error- prone seeing is transcended and SEEING  as such is accessed, we have a TEXT that is NOT distorted, disfigured, mauled, twisted and so forth and because of which it is understood as RELIABLE, trustworthy, and TRUE  to the object seen. Such PURE TEXTS do not create doubts and uncertainties but rather the feelings of indubitability and apodicity . Such a vision is the <maacaRu kaatchi> of Tolkaapiyar and Arunandi himself. In contrast to this is the normal ordinary seeings which  are not so and hence DEFILED and because of which arises the distortions of various kinds in the phenomenology of perception. The TEXTS generated are UNRELIABLE creating the feelings of uncertainty, bewilderment, confusion and puzzle.  While the SEEING that is free of MACU or MALAM , helps to appropriate a reliable text of an object, the seeing of the ordinary sort is  distorted and disfigured because of presence of MACU or MALAM in the seeing itself.

3. This raises questions about the possibility of transforming the ordinary and natural seeings to that of SEEINGS, the cogito that secures reliable texts of objects perceived. We can see that this is possible only when the psychic entities manage to extricate themselves from the MALAM, become PURE and immersing themselves   in the horizon of S-W-S of BEING itself at least during those precious moments of seeing an object,  see in the light of S-W-S of BEING. Such a seeing is the <vinaiyin n-iingki viLangkiya aRivu> of Tolkaapiyar, a seeing freed of all prejudices, obscurants, delimiters and distorters. It is seeing in the PURE LIGHT of BEING, a light  that does not disfigure and distort the act of seeing. The night   or the twilight zone of understanding is overcome and the seeing happens within a radiance that is clear LIGHT. No cloudiness, nocturnal existence, no  disfiguring agents of any sort and whatever thus seen is also truth. The articulations of   such truths, being genuinely objective i.e. something that is not a projection from self but rather a grasping of what the object in itself is, holds the possibility of being agreed upon by others as well. Such truths are not idiosyncratic, expressions of the will to power as said Nietsche or kaRpitam as the Vedanties would articulate. There are conceptualizations and representations but all are done not only with bracketing off all subjective elements but also violently escaping from them that constitute the essential struggles of man forever in search of truth.
 

4.It is against the background of such an understanding of consciousness and how it is related to seeings that the psychological explanation of behavior   is given by Meykandar.

The first set of  behaviors are destructive of self and others in social existence. Massacre, murder, genocide, tyranny and many such political behaviours  that involve bringing about death  and wonton destruction  are attributed to a very thick presence of MALAM, the DARK LIGHT. Madness is included here as it is self  destruction in relation social existence. When the vision is cloudied very thickly by ANAVAM and which affects the very Being-in-the -World itself, Existence itself, we have such behaviors.

5.When however its presence is thick in the brain functions so that higher level thinking and other cognitive processes are made impossible, we have the primitive superstitious behaviors and  frequently the lowly magical. The rational functioning of the human mind is jeopardized so that awe and wonder takes over dulling the rational capacities. Feelings and emotions become very strong with the uncontrollable dominance of base desires. The person becomes virtually blind, totally indifferent to reason and logic.  Uncontrollable frenzy takes over as the essential determinant of behaviour.

6. Now when MALAM stands thick, not only it obstructs vision but in doing so  it also makes feeble the presence of BEING itself and hence being pulled unto BEING. The weakening of this psychotropism means absence of interest in anything that is good and noble. The motivational dynamics weakens considerably so that a state of inaction sets in. The person is unable to execute actions and thereby achieve something. On top of that in the face of interesting activities of others he becomes abusive and insulting in the interest of spreading the cult of inaction amidst others as well.

7. Such a way of analysing behaviour is essentially hermeneutical  which is captured by the phrase < kURiya mUnRu malaththin kuNang kuRi vERu kiLakkin>. The kuNangkuRi are surface structure elements that point out the presence of the causal factors in the Deep Structure. Because the observable surface structure features are DIFFERENT, it is said the MALAM too differentiates into the above three. These factors though available as the deep structure elements in the behavior as TEXTS, but since it is the seeings that generate the texts,  they are said to be present in the anma itself as it is the anma that sees. And therefore it is not EXTERIOR to the person like some biochemical stuff, like poison,  separable  by the application of medical technology. They inhere in the deepest recesses of the psychic entities; the anmas are born with them and die with them; no, die because of them. The presence of MALAM is anathi, not something brought about either by the anmas or BEING  itself or even the MALAM gravitating itself on its own accord and installing itself in the interior of the anmas.

8. The MALAM is agentive only figuratively. What it does is to obscure or make impossible the SEEING i.e. the cogito so that clear consciousness is made unavailable to the psychic entities. Like the  distorting  dirty filters and mirrors and the cloud of dust or twilight nocturnality, the MALAM assumes different forms for obscuring and dimming the enjoyment of clear consciousness. The real agency is the PRESENCE of BEING. The DARKNESS is violated and overcome only by the presence of BEING who brings along with him CLEAR LIGHT and the anmas that see in this clear light do not enter into the lowly behaviors. Thus the solution to the problem of evil in man is made perspicuous now and which is articluted in the verse that follows this i.e.  < «Õû ÓýÒ  ¿¢øÄ¡Ð «Ê§ÂüÌ ¸ñ ­ýÚ ­Õû ¸ñ¼Å¡Ú ±ý¦¸¡ø;  aruL munpu n-illaathu atiyERku kaN inRu iruL kaNtavaaRu enkol>.  When the anmas gravitate for some reason or other into the Space of DARKNESS, it sees only darkness everywhere and no light that secures not only clarity of vision but also a vision of TRUTH the GOOD and NOBLE.  The immoral and evil thinking assails one when one unknowingly moves away from the inner light, lumen naturale, and begin to see things within the twilight zone, muddied cloudied unclear and distorted. This also provides the REASON  and function of genuine religious life: it is a form of life entered into and maintained in order to secure the PURE LIGHT so that seeing does not become distorted but always clear and genuinely objective. In this form existence one's life becomes established by the VISION OF TRUTH and by  nothing else. Such a life is both philosophic, metaphysical and genuinely religious.

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